The present invention relates to the field of pharmaceuticals, particularly to biodegradable biocompatible nanoparticles loaded with an active drug selected from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and coated with biological membranes selected from erythrocyte membranes, to achieve the slow release of the drug, and to a pharmaceutical composition containing the nanoparticles. In particular, the biodegradable biocompatible nanoparticles comprise ATP as an active drug and are coated with erythrocyte membranes, making them useful for cancer treatment.