Disclosed by the present invention is a rapid synthesis method for a biomass-based amine compound, comprising : by using formamide as an amine source, using formic acid as a hydrogen source, and using biomass aldehydes and ketones as raw materials, promoting the direct addition of formamide and aldehyde and ketone compounds by means of rapid heating during microwave-assisted heating and in the absence of a solvent and catalyst, and carrying out formic acid reduction to prepare and obtain corresponding formamide derivatives; selectively converting the formamide derivatives under the action of a base into corresponding primary amine compounds by means of alcoholysis. The microwave-assisted heating reaction system of the present invention has a significantly higher catalytic efficiency than a corresponding oil bath system, greatly shortens reaction time, and significantly improves selectivity, wherein the conversion rate of biomass aldehyde or ketone compounds may reach at least 99%, and formamide derivative yield may reach 85-99%; the formamide derivatives are synthesized to primary amine compounds by means of alcoholysis, wherein the yield may reach 92-99%.